the case.
a 28 year old male presents to your Emergency Department with a 2-3 week history of increasing neck swelling. He is now spitting out frank purulent discharge from his mouth and reports fevers and night sweats.
a knackered neonate…
the case.
You are working in a district hospital and are called to the Special-Care Nursery to assist with an unwell newborn infant.
She was born 2 hours ago at 39 + 4 weeks gestation, to a primip mother who reports a completely unremarkable pregnancy and normal antenatal investigations (including morphology scans). The child has had marked respiratory distress and hypoxia since birth… [Read more…]
better late than never…
The case.
An obese 86 year old female is bought to ED by private car with a 5-6 day history of progressive dyspnoea and fevers. She is promptly rushed into the resus bay in extremis with cyanosis & poor respiratory effort. [Read more…]
a swollen face…
The Case.
A 36 year old male presents through your sub-acute area with increasing facial pain & swelling. He reports a simple trip and fall 18 hours earlier (no alcohol on board, recalls all events), where his right cheek struck a concrete step. He had no LOC at the time, and has no historical features concerning for intracranial injury.
He is worried today as the swelling ‘just keeps getting worse’.
On examination he has obvious marked right zygomatic/maxillary swelling and ecchymoses. His cranial nerves are ok (particularly extra-occular movements and facial sensation). When you palpate his facial bones, for find something unexpected which leads you to expediting his CT scan….
Interpretation & Progress.
This CT demonstrates a comminuted, depressed maxillary fracture involving the orbital floor and lateral orbital wall (a ‘blow-out’ type fracture), with extension into the maxillary alveolar process.
The most striking feature of this CT-series is the abundance of subcutaneous emphysema, and of particular concern to me was the extent to which it had traveled (to contralateral carotid sheath, SCM & masseter, submandibular space & of most concern to me, the retropharyngeal space at the level of the epiglottis).
Whilst a bony injury of this magnitude requires little further ED work-up & can usually be referred to your Plastics/Maxillofacial surgeons as an outpatient, the amount of soft-tissue air in this case made us reluctant to simply discharge him home.
Subcutaneous emphysema in the setting of facial and neck trauma raises the suspicion & should prompt the consideration of an aero-digestive injury. Our patient in this case had a single isolated blow to the right cheek & no evidence of anterior neck injury (and gave excellent recollection of the events). He had no dysphagia, dysphonia or neck pain, but did report a recent runny nose. Regardless, we elected to pursue this further by asking our ENT colleagues to review him.
In short, he was admitted for observation & commenced on IV antibiotics. The ENT registrar performed a nasendoscopy in the ED revealing a macroscopically normal airway to the level of the cords. He was discharged home 48 hours later with no further sequelae from his injury.
Orbital Fractures.
The most common simple fracture of the orbit is the ‘blow-out’ fracture of the orbital floor.
Assessment:
* Bony fragments & orbital contents can sag/herniate into the maxillary sinus.
* Enophthalmos vs Exophthalmos (more likely to occur with medial wall involvement)
* Assess for diplopia & EOM (particular inferior rectus function)
* Pic courtesy of Otolaryngology Houston
* Assess function of infraorbital nerve.
* Pic courtesy of Zygomatic Complex & Nasal Injury
* Retrobulbar haematomas (or malignant orbital emphysema) can create an ocular compartment syndrome leading to blindness from acute ischaemic optic neuropathy. (Suggested by exophthalmos, reduced visual acuity & increased IOPs).
Management.
- Non-displaced or minimally displaced fractures can be handled as an outpatient with definitive repair delayed by up to 7 days.
- Antibiotics are required for open fractures and fractures that violate sinuses. Amoxicillin-clavulanate is sufficient.
- Lateral canthotomy is required for suspected or confirmed retrobulbar haematomas.
- Check out Broome Docs 7th Podcast for more information…
Lastly; avoid sneezing and don’t blow your nose !! This can force air from the sinuses into soft tissues...
As it turns out, our man had a simple case of man-flu just prior to his injury and in the 12 hours prior to his ED arrival had been vigorously blowing his nose in attempt to clear his nostrils !!
a difficult airway…
The Case.
The ‘Batphone’ alerted us of a 68 year old female who is postictal following two seizures in rapid succession. She has a history of ‘a brain tumour’.
P 120. BP 176 systolic !! GCS 8/15. Afebrile. Sats 98% (15L NRB + guedel airway).
She arrives direct to your resus bay 4-5 minutes later and she is actively seizing.
A) Obstructed (Guedel on floor). Trismus ++.
- Bilateral nasopharyngeal airways inserted
- Two-handed jaw thrust
- Ventilating well on 100% BVM.
B) Bilateral air entry. Sats 99% on O2. No added sounds.
C) P 130 (sinus) BP 185 systolic. Diaphoretic. Warm peripheries.
- 2x IVC inserted
- 500mL N.Saline bolus
D) Actively seizing (GTCS with movement in all 4 limbs). Pupils 4mm (L+R).
- 2x 5mg IV Midazolam (seizure resolved)
- 1gram IV Phenytoin (loading commenced at cessation of seizure)
E) Temp 37*C. BSL 13. No rashes, contusions etc.
Impression:
Status Epilepticus (3x seizures with no return to normal mental state)
- ? secondary to ‘brain tumour’ or associated haemorrhage
- No other medical history available
- “Family are bringing in her medications”
Following resolution of her seizure she remains obtunded, GCS (E1V1M4) 6/15 and still obstructing her airway. A decision is made to RSI for airway control and prevention of secondary brain injury, followed by urgent CT. [Read more…]
just a tablespoon…
This is the story of a 59 year old man who presented to our ED with a complaint of haemoptysis. He is otherwise well, takes no regular medications and besides his ’50 per day’ smoking history (over 40-odd years) he has no health concerns or past medical problems.
On the morning of presentation he had his usual morning ‘cough and splutter’ and was surprised to find blood in his tissue. He then proceeding to expectorate a small blood clot. “Its not that big, just a tablespoon”. He may have had some right sided pleuritic chest pain with it.
He looks well, with no increased work of breathing. Room air saturations of 94%. Good air entry with mild end expiratory wheeze. Normal cardiac examination.
This is his CXR…..
